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Kumar, Vasantha
- Influence of Alloying Element and Ageing on Microstructure and Dry Sliding Wear Behaviour of Cu-Zn-xNi Alloy
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Authors
Affiliations
1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, C Byregowda Institute of Technology, Kolar – 563101,Karnataka,, IN
2 Department of Mechanical Engineering, BMSCE, Bengaluru – 560019, Karnataka,
3 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bearys Institute of Technology, Mangalore – 574153, Karnataka,, IN
1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, C Byregowda Institute of Technology, Kolar – 563101,Karnataka,, IN
2 Department of Mechanical Engineering, BMSCE, Bengaluru – 560019, Karnataka,
3 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bearys Institute of Technology, Mangalore – 574153, Karnataka,, IN
Source
Journal of Mines, Metals and Fuels, Vol 70, No 7 (2022), Pagination: 380-394Abstract
In this paper, we look at how different nickel concentrations (4, 8, and 12 percent) affect the microstructure, microhardness,and dry sliding wear behaviour of a Cu-Zn-xNi alloy. The alloy was created using a casting technique at 1100°C and a heat treatment method that included solution treatment at 600°C and ageing at 450°C for four hours each. Microstructure studies were performed on the developed alloys using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). To investigate alloy indentation resistance, an ASTM E384 microhardness test was performed. Tribological properties such as friction and wear were investigated using a pin on disc tribometer and a dry sliding wear test according to the ASTM G99 standard. SEM studies revealed α-phase (copper) and solid solution of zinc in cast alloys, while aged alloys revealed a similar structure but with the addition of Cu2NiZn precipitates. The microhardness values improved as the Ni content and ageing increased.The decrease in secondary dendrite arm spacing with increasing Ni content and ageing was attributed to the improvement.The coefficient of friction decreased as the load increased, but increased as the sliding velocity increased. However, as loads and sliding velocities increased, so did the wear rate. For the majority of loads and sliding velocities, the worn surface demonstrated abrasion as the dominant wear mechanism.Keywords
Brass, Casting, Friction, Microstructure, Microhardness, Wear
References
- Freudenberger J., & Warlimont H. (2018). Copper and copper alloys. In: W. Martienssen, H. Warlimont (Eds.), Springer Handbook of Materials Data, Springer Nature Switzerland AG, 293-301. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3- 319-69743-7_12
- Davis J. R. (2001). Copper and Copper Alloys, ASM Specialty Handbook, ASM International, Materials Park, OH.
- Stewart M. (2021). Materials of construction, In: Surface Production Operations, Volume 5: Pressure Vessels, Heat Exchangers, and Aboveground Storage Tanks: Design, Construction, Inspection, and Testing, Elsevier Inc., 61–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-803722-5.00003-3. PMCid:PMC8444439
- Prasad B. K. (1997). Dry sliding wear response of some bearing alloys as influenced by the nature of microconstituents and sliding conditions. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 28, 809–815. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s11661-997-0067-9
- Davim J. P. (2000). An experimental study of the tribological behaviour of the brass/steel pair. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 100, 273–277. https://doi. org/10.1016/S0924-0136(99)00491-4
- Sadykov F. A., Barykin N. P., & Aslanyan I. R. (1999). Wear of copper and its alloys with submicrocrystalline structure. Wear, 225–229, 649–655. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043- 1648(98)00374-3
- Davim J. P. (2000). An experimental study of the tribological behaviour of the brass/steel pair. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 100, 273–277. https://doi. org/10.1016/S0924-0136(99)00491-4
- Unlu B. S. (2009). Investigation of tribological and mechanical properties of metal bearings. Bulletin of Materials Science, 32, 451–457. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12034-009- 0066-0
- Kucukomeroglu T, & Kara L. (2014). The friction and wear properties of CuZn39Pb3 alloys under atmospheric and vacuum conditions, Wear, 309, 21–28. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.wear.2013.10.003
- Moshkovich A., Perfilyev V., Lapsker I., & Rapoport L. (2014) Friction, wear and plastic deformation of Cu and α/β brass under lubrication conditions, Wear, 320, 34–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2014.08.016
- Chen W., Jia Y., Yi J., Wang M., Derby B., & Lei Q. (2017). Effect of addition of Ni and Si on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Cu-Zn alloys. Journal of Materials Research, 32, 3137–3145. https://doi.org/10.1557/ jmr.2017.145
- Wang P., Jie J., Tong L., Li T. (2019). Study of the mechanical, structural, and electrical properties and annealing effect of a Cu-30Zn-1Ni-0.2Si alloy fabricated using cryogenic rolling. Materials Research Express, 6(11). https://doi. org/10.1088/2053-1591/ab49cd
- Joszt K., Stobrawa J., & Zaborowski G. (2013). Ordering process in Cu-18Ni-26Zn alloy. Metals Technology, 7, 424– 427. https://doi.org/10.1179/030716980803286775
- Moussa M. E., & Ibrahim K. M. (2022). Effect of ultrasonic vibration treatment on microstructure, tensile properties, hardness and wear behaviour of brass alloy. International Journal of Metalcasting. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40962- 021-00748-8
- Knych T., Smyrak B., & Walkowicz M. Research on the influence of the casting speed on the structure and properties of oxygen-free copper wires, AGH University of Science and Technology, Poland; 2011.
- Yan Z., Chen M., Yang J., Yang L., & Gao H. (2013). Grain refinement of CuNi10Fe1Mn alloy by SiC nanoparticles and electromagnetic stirring. Materials and Manufacturing Processes, 28, 957–961. https://doi.org/10.1080/10426914. 2013.763971
- Bagherian E., Fan Y., Cooper M., Frame B., Abdolvand A. (2016). Effect of water flow rate, casting speed, alloying elements and pull distance on tensile strength, elongation percentage and microstructure of continuous cast copper alloys. Metallurgical Research &Technology, 113, 308. https://doi.org/10.1051/metal/2016006
- Reis B. P., Franca R. P., Spim J. A., Garcia A., da Costa E. M., & Santos C. A. (2013). The effects of dendritic arm spacing (as-cast) and aging time (solution heat-treated) of Al-Cu alloy on hardness. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 549, 324–335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2012.09.041
- Jang H. W., & Hong J-W. (2020). Influence of zinc content on the mechanical behaviors of Cu-Zn alloys by molecular dynamics. Materials (Basel), 13(9), 2062. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13092062. PMid:32365697. PMCid:PMC7254338
- Igelegbai E. E., Alo O. A., Adeodu A. O., & Daniyan I. A. (2016). Evaluation of mechanical and microstructural properties of α-brass alloy produced from scrap copper and zinc metal through sand casting process. Journal of Minerals and Materials Characterization and Engineering, 5(1), 18–28. https://doi.org/10.4236/jmmce.2017.51002
- Toulfatzis A. I., Pantazopoulos G. A., & Paipetis A. S. (2016). Microstructure and properties of lead-free brasses using post-processing heat treatment cycles. Materials Science and Technology, 32, 1771–1781. https://doi.org/10. 1080/02670836.2016.1221493
- Purcek G., Savaskan T., Kucukomeroglu T., Murphy S. (2002). Dry sliding friction and wear properties of zinc based alloys. Wear, 252, 894–901. https://doi.org/10.1016/ S0043-1648(02)00050-9
- Kim H. S., Kim W. Y., & Song K. H. (2012). Effect of post-heat treatment in ECAP processed Cu-40%Zn brass. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 536, S200–S203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2011.11.079
- Influence of Alloying Element and Ageing on Microstructure and Dry Sliding Wear Behaviour of Cu-Zn-xNi Alloy
Abstract Views :72 |
PDF Views:0
Authors
Affiliations
1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, C Byregowda Institute of Technology, Kolar – 563101, Karnataka, IN
2 Department of Mechanical Engineering, BMSCE, Bengaluru – 560019, Karnataka, IN
3 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bearys Institute of Technology, Mangalore – 574153, Karnataka, IN
1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, C Byregowda Institute of Technology, Kolar – 563101, Karnataka, IN
2 Department of Mechanical Engineering, BMSCE, Bengaluru – 560019, Karnataka, IN
3 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bearys Institute of Technology, Mangalore – 574153, Karnataka, IN
Source
Journal of Mines, Metals and Fuels, Vol 70, No 7 (2022), Pagination: 380-394Abstract
In this paper, we look at how different nickel concentrations (4, 8, and 12 percent) affect the microstructure, microhardness, and dry sliding wear behaviour of a Cu-Zn-xNi alloy. The alloy was created using a casting technique at 1100°C and a heat treatment method that included solution treatment at 600°C and ageing at 450°C for four hours each. Microstructure studies were performed on the developed alloys using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). To investigate alloy indentation resistance, an ASTM E384 microhardness test was performed. Tribological properties such as friction and wear were investigated using a pin on disc tribometer and a dry sliding wear test according to the ASTM G99 standard. SEM studies revealed α-phase (copper) and solid solution of zinc in cast alloys, while aged alloys revealed a similar structure but with the addition of Cu2NiZn precipitates. The microhardness values improved as the Ni content and ageing increased. The decrease in secondary dendrite arm spacing with increasing Ni content and ageing was attributed to the improvement. The coefficient of friction decreased as the load increased, but increased as the sliding velocity increased. However, as loads and sliding velocities increased, so did the wear rate. For the majority of loads and sliding velocities, the worn surface demonstrated abrasion as the dominant wear mechanism.Keywords
Brass, Casting, Friction, Microstructure, Microhardness, WearReferences
- Freudenberger J., & Warlimont H. (2018). Copper and copper alloys. In: W. Martienssen, H. Warlimont (Eds.), Springer Handbook of Materials Data, Springer Nature Switzerland AG, 293-301. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3- 319-69743-7_12
- Davis J. R. (2001). Copper and Copper Alloys, ASM Specialty Handbook, ASM International, Materials Park, OH.
- Stewart M. (2021). Materials of construction, In: Surface Production Operations, Volume 5: Pressure Vessels, Heat Exchangers, and Aboveground Storage Tanks: Design, Construction, Inspection, and Testing, Elsevier Inc., 61–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-803722-5.00003-3. PMCid:PMC8444439 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-803722-5.00003-3
- Prasad B. K. (1997). Dry sliding wear response of some bearing alloys as influenced by the nature of microconstituents and sliding conditions. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 28, 809–815. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-997-0067-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-997-1008-3
- Davim J. P. (2000). An experimental study of the tribological behaviour of the brass/steel pair. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 100, 273–277. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-0136(99)00491-4
- Sadykov F. A., Barykin N. P., & Aslanyan I. R. (1999). Wear of copper and its alloys with submicrocrystalline structure. Wear, 225–229, 649–655. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1648(98)00374-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1648(98)00374-3
- Davim J. P. (2000). An experimental study of the tribological behaviour of the brass/steel pair. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 100, 273–277. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-0136(99)00491-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-0136(99)00491-4
- Unlu B. S. (2009). Investigation of tribological and mechanical properties of metal bearings. Bulletin of Materials Science, 32, 451–457. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12034-009-0066-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12034-009-0066-0
- Kucukomeroglu T, & Kara L. (2014). The friction and wear properties of CuZn39Pb3 alloys under atmospheric and vacuum conditions, Wear, 309, 21–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2013.10.003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2013.10.003
- Moshkovich A., Perfilyev V., Lapsker I., & Rapoport L. (2014) Friction, wear and plastic deformation of Cu and α/β brass under lubrication conditions, Wear, 320, 34–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2014.08.016 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2014.08.016
- Chen W., Jia Y., Yi J., Wang M., Derby B., & Lei Q. (2017). Effect of addition of Ni and Si on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Cu-Zn alloys. Journal of Materials Research, 32, 3137–3145. https://doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2017.145 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2017.145
- Wang P., Jie J., Tong L., Li T. (2019). Study of the mechanical, structural, and electrical properties and annealing effect of a Cu-30Zn-1Ni-0.2Si alloy fabricated using cryogenic rolling. Materials Research Express, 6(11). https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ab49cd DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ab49cd
- Joszt K., Stobrawa J., & Zaborowski G. (2013). Ordering process in Cu-18Ni-26Zn alloy. Metals Technology, 7, 424– 427. https://doi.org/10.1179/030716980803286775 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1179/030716980803286775
- Moussa M. E., & Ibrahim K. M. (2022). Effect of ultrasonic vibration treatment on microstructure, tensile properties, hardness and wear behaviour of brass alloy. International Journal of Metalcasting. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40962-021-00748-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40962-021-00748-8
- Knych T., Smyrak B., & Walkowicz M. Research on the influence of the casting speed on the structure and properties of oxygen-free copper wires, AGH University of Science and Technology, Poland; 2011.
- Yan Z., Chen M., Yang J., Yang L., & Gao H. (2013). Grain refinement of CuNi10Fe1Mn alloy by SiC nanoparticles and electromagnetic stirring. Materials and Manufacturing Processes, 28, 957–961. https://doi.org/10.1080/10426914.2013.763971 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10426914.2013.763971
- Bagherian E., Fan Y., Cooper M., Frame B., Abdolvand A. (2016). Effect of water flow rate, casting speed, alloying elements and pull distance on tensile strength, elongation percentage and microstructure of continuous cast copper alloys. Metallurgical Research &Technology, 113, 308. https://doi.org/10.1051/metal/2016006 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/metal/2016006
- Reis B. P., Franca R. P., Spim J. A., Garcia A., da Costa E. M., & Santos C. A. (2013). The effects of dendritic arm spacing (as-cast) and aging time (solution heat-treated) of Al-Cu alloy on hardness. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 549, 324–335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2012.09.041 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2012.09.041
- Jang H. W., & Hong J-W. (2020). Influence of zinc content on the mechanical behaviors of Cu-Zn alloys by molecular dynamics. Materials (Basel), 13(9), 2062. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13092062. PMid:32365697. PMCid:PMC7254338 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13092062
- Igelegbai E. E., Alo O. A., Adeodu A. O., & Daniyan I. A. (2016). Evaluation of mechanical and microstructural properties of α-brass alloy produced from scrap copper and zinc metal through sand casting process. Journal of Minerals and Materials Characterization and Engineering, 5(1), 18–28. https://doi.org/10.4236/jmmce.2017.51002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4236/jmmce.2017.51002
- Toulfatzis A. I., Pantazopoulos G. A., & Paipetis A. S. (2016). Microstructure and properties of lead-free brasses using post-processing heat treatment cycles. Materials Science and Technology, 32, 1771–1781. https://doi.org/10.1080/02670836.2016.1221493 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02670836.2016.1221493
- Purcek G., Savaskan T., Kucukomeroglu T., Murphy S. (2002). Dry sliding friction and wear properties of zincbased alloys. Wear, 252, 894–901. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1648(02)00050-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1648(02)00050-9
- Kim H. S., Kim W. Y., & Song K. H. (2012). Effect of post-heat treatment in ECAP processed Cu-40%Zn brass. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 536, S200–S203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2011.11.079 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2011.11.079
- In-Vitro Biocompatibility Study and Comparison of Magnesium AZ31 and PEEK 450G Biomaterials used as Cardiovascular Stent Implants
Abstract Views :70 |
PDF Views:0
Authors
Affiliations
1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bearys Institute of Technology, Visvesvaraya Technological University,Mangalore, Karnataka, India., IN
2 Department of Mechanical Engineering, MSRIT, Visvesvaraya Technological University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India., IN
3 Department of Mechanical Engineering (W&SM), Sri Jayachamarajendra (Govt.) Polytechnic, Bengaluru, Karnataka,India., IN
4 Department of Mechanical Engineering, PES College of Engineering, Visvesvaraya Technological University, Mandya,Karnataka, India., IN
5 Department of Zoology, St. Joseph’s University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India., IN
1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bearys Institute of Technology, Visvesvaraya Technological University,Mangalore, Karnataka, India., IN
2 Department of Mechanical Engineering, MSRIT, Visvesvaraya Technological University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India., IN
3 Department of Mechanical Engineering (W&SM), Sri Jayachamarajendra (Govt.) Polytechnic, Bengaluru, Karnataka,India., IN
4 Department of Mechanical Engineering, PES College of Engineering, Visvesvaraya Technological University, Mandya,Karnataka, India., IN
5 Department of Zoology, St. Joseph’s University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India., IN
Source
Journal of Mines, Metals and Fuels, Vol 71, No 1 (2023), Pagination: 66-72Abstract
This research article intended to study and comparison of cytotoxicity effects of Magnesium AZ31 and PEEK 450G biomaterials. L-929 mouse fibroblast cell line was used to measure cytotoxicity effect of Magnesium AZ31 and PEEK 450G biomaterials by extraction method. Biocompatibility in-vitro cytotoxicity test was performed on L-929 mouse fibroblast cell line for Magnesium AZ31 and PEEK 450G samples. In extraction process, leachates take out from the test samples were used for measurements of cytotoxicity. Since there was reactivity and the reactivity grade was greater than ‘2’ in Magnesium AZ31 biomaterial, test sample was measured as non-toxic, where as in PEEK 450G biomaterial there was no reactivity, no reduction in cell growth and no cell lysis, the grade was zero, and test sample was measured as non-toxic. Hence PEEK 450G biomaterial reveals an outstanding cytotoxicity behaviour than Magnesium AZ31. This is an added advantage for cardiovascular stent implant applications.Keywords
Cytotoxicity, Biomaterials, Peek 450G, In-Vitro, Biocompatibility, Cardiovascular Stent Implant.References
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